K
Tierney, Lawrence M., McPhee, Stephen J., Papadakis, Maxine A.
Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment, 45th Edition
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O
Obesity 1098–1099 1099 1267–1270
arthritis and 808 809
cancer risk and 1647
cholelithiasis/gallstones and 684
coronary heart disease and 339
in Cushing's syndrome 1099 1167 1268
definition of/measurements in 13 1098 1267
in diabetes mellitus 1098 1196 1198 1217
diet and 1217
metformin for 1210 1217
diet/eating behavior changes and 1099 1268–1269
in endocrine disorders 1098–1099 1268
genetic factors in 1098 1267–1268
health consequences of 13 1267
in hypertension 422
hypothalamic disorders and 1099 1106
hypoventilation and (Pickwickian syndrome) 305
insulin response affected by 1098 1099
leptin gene and 1098 1268
lipid abnormalities in 1244
medications in management of 1099 1269
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 667 668
in persistent anovulation (polycystic ovary syndrome) 746 747 1099
postoperative pulmonary complications associated with 41
prevention of 13–14
surgery in management of 14 1099 1269
treatment of 14 1099 1268–1269
weight gain in pregnancy and 766
Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian syndrome) 305
Oblimersen, gene therapy for cancer and 1700
OBS See Organic brain syndrome
Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding 557–558
Obsessions 1044
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 1044 1047
depression and 1044
Tourette's syndrome and 1013
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder 1055
Obstetrics 763–787
Obstructive lung disease See Airway disorders, obstruction; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Obstructive shock 477 478
Obstructive sleep apnea 305 305–306
Obstructive uropathy
renal failure caused by 908
tubulointerstitial disease caused by 926 927
Obstructive voiding symptoms 932
in benign prostatic hyperplasia 956 956
in prostate cancer 962
in prostatitis 940
Obturator sign, in appendicitis 612 613
Occipital lobe lesions 1001
Occlusive dressings/suit, corticosteroid potency and 86
Occult diabetes (late hypoglycemia) 1234 1238
Occult gastrointestinal bleeding 557–558
stool test for See Fecal occult blood testing
Occupational asthma 227 297
Occupational pulmonary diseases 295–298 295 296
Occupational therapy, for rheumatoid arthritis 829
OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder
OCD spectrum 1044
Ochronosis 1704
C-Octanoic acid breath test, in nausea and vomiting 538
Octreotide
for acromegaly/gigantism 1111–1112
for cancer chemotherapy 1674
for carcinoid syndrome 611–612 1692
for diarrhea 551
for esophageal varices 574–575
for gastrointestinal bleeding 554
in peptic ulcer disease 592
for insulinoma 1237
nutrients affected by 1260
for short bowel syndrome 606
Ocu-chlor See Chloramphenicol
Ocuflox See Ofloxacin
Ocular disease See Eye, disorders of
Ocular examination 151–153
abbreviations and symbols used in 152
in diabetes patients 161 167
in elderly 51 52
glaucoma prevention and 161
Ocular hemorrhages
blood dyscrasias and 168
vitreous 164
Ocular hypertension See Intraocular hypertension
Ocular infections
drugs in management of 172 175–176
gonococcal 156 1432
principles of treatment of 172
Ocular medications 172–177 173–176
administration of 172 177
contaminated 177
for infection 172 175–176
preservatives in, toxic and hypersensitivity reactions to 177
P.1838
systemic effects of 177–178
toxic and hypersensitivity reactions to 177
Ocular motor palsies 170
in myasthenia gravis 1034
Ocular movements See Eye movements
Ocular muscular dystrophy 1036
Ocular pain 150
in acute angle-closure glaucoma 159
headache and 974 975
in optic neuritis 169
in ultraviolet keratitis 172
in uveitis 162
Ocular toxocariasis 1534–1535 1535
Ocular trauma 171–172
Oculocephalic reflex, in coma or stupor 1018
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 1036
Oculosympathetic paralysis See Horner's syndrome
Oculovestibular reflex, in coma or stupor 1018
Ocupress See Carteolol
Ocusert See Pilocarpine
Oddi, sphincter of, disorders of, in postcholecystectomy syndrome 688
Odontogenic infections See also Dental disorders
deep neck infections and 207
Odor, breath
in cyanide poisoning 1623
in diabetic ketoacidosis 1198 1228
in uremia 907
Odor identification/discrimination/threshold, disorders of 198
Odynophagia 564
in epiglottitis (supraglottitis) 209
in esophageal cancer 577
in infectious esophagitis 570
in peritonsillar abscess/cellulitis 206
in pharyngitis 205
Ofloxacin 1579 1580 1580 1581
cost of 1562
for ophthalmic disorders 175
for tuberculosis 1575
for urinary tract infection 939
Ogen See Estrogen vaginal creams
Ogilvie's syndrome 608–609
OKT3 See Muromonab-CD3
Olanzapine 1059 1060–1061 1060 1063
Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis 1480 1484
Olecranon bursitis 823
Olestra, diarrhea caused by 549
Olfactory dysfunction 198
Oligoclonal bands, in multiple sclerosis 1015
Oligodendroglioma 1000
Oligospermia 952 953
Oliguria 896 902
in acute tubular necrosis 904
in obstructive uropathy 926
Olmesartan 435
in combination products 435
Olopatadine, for ophthalmic disorders 175
Olsalazine, for inflammatory bowel disease 621
ulcerative colitis 630
Omalizumab 805
for asthma 234
Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, in heart disease prevention 340
Omeprazole 588
for peptic ulcer bleeding 592
Omsk hemorrhagic fever 1376
On-off phenomenon, with levodopa treatment of parkinsonism 1008
Onchocerca volvulus (onchocerciasis) 1527–1529
Oncocytoma, of kidney 970
Oncogenes 1641
Oncogenic osteomalacia 821 1159
Oncologic emergencies 1689–1692
Oncotype Dx assay 1642 1679
Ondansetron, for nausea and vomiting 540 540 1682
Ondine's curse (primary alveolar hypoventilation) 304–305
ONTAK See Denileukin diftitox
Onycholysis 145
Onychomycosis (tinea unguium) 145 146
ONYX-015, in cancer treatment 1701
Oophorectomy See also Menopause, surgical
androgen replacement therapy after 1188–1189
for breast cancer prevention/treatment 722 1643 1656–1657
for endometrial carcinoma 739
for endometriosis 741
estrogen replacement therapy after 761–762
for hirsutism/virilization 1171
for ovarian cancer prevention/treatment 743 746 1643 1656–1657
for pelvic inflammatory disease 743
Oophoritis, in mumps 1365
Open-angle glaucoma 160–162
Open biopsy, for breast lump evaluation 711 712 712
Opening snap, in mitral stenosis 325
Operant conditioning See Behavior modification
Ophthalmic artery occlusion 991
Ophthalmic medications See Ocular medications
Ophthalmocysticercosis 1511 1512
Ophthalmologic referrals 153
Ophthalmopathy, Graves' (dysthyroid eye disease) 170 1135 1137 1140 1141
Ophthalmoplegia, episodic vertigo in 190
Ophthalmoplegic migraine 975
Ophthalmoscopy 153
Opioids/opioid analgesics 74–79 77–78
addiction and 73 1087
allergic reaction to 79
constipation caused by 79 81
for COPD 242
dependence and 73 1087
for diarrhea 546–547 551
in end-of-life care 73
double effect and 69
for myocardial infarction 360
nausea and vomiting caused by 79
with NSAIDs 78
overdose/abuse of 1086–1087 1611 1631
narcotic antagonists/naloxone for 1087 1611
respiratory acidosis caused by 893
during pregnancy 765
pseudo-addiction and 73
tolerance and 73 74
withdrawal and 17–18 1087
Opisthorchis felineus/viverrini (opisthorchiasis) 1506
cholangiocarcinoma and 692 1506
Opium, tincture of See Tincture of opium
Opportunistic infections 1288–1291
in cancer patients 1004 1289 1694–1695
in HIV infection/AIDS 1289
CD4 T cell counts and 1321 1321 1346 1347
prevention of 1331–1333 1332 1346–1347 1346
treatment of 1334 1335–1336
molds causing 1547–1550
prevention of 1290
prevention of 1290–1291 1331–1333 1332 1694
in transplant patients 1289
Oprelvekin, for chemotherapy-induced toxicity 1671 1681
Optic atrophy, in pseudotumor cerebri 1005
Optic disk
cupping of, in chronic glaucoma 160
drusen of 169
examination of 153
swelling of 169
in optic neuritis 169
Optic nerve, compression of, in dysthyroid eye disease 170 1137
Optic neuritis 169
Optic neuropathy
anterior ischemic 169
in giant cell arteritis 169 846
OptiPranolol See Metipranolol
Optokinetic nystagmus 152
OPV (oral/Sabin polio vaccine) 1367
IPV booster and 1314
Oragrafin See Ipodate sodium
Oral allergy syndrome 793
Oral cavity 202–207
anaerobic flora of 1434
pneumonia/lung abscess and 255 1434
bullous pemphigoid involving 127
cancer of 202–203
candidiasis involving (thrush) 203
in HIV infection/AIDS 203 216–217 1322 1325–1326 1347
erythema multiforme involving 123
in HIV infection/AIDS 216–217 1325–1326
lichen planus involving 202–203
mucositis of
chemotherapy causing 1688
radiation causing 1600
pemphigus involving 126
ulcerative lesions of 204
in Beh et's syndrome 851
chemotherapy-induced 1683
in HIV infection/AIDS 216 1326
Oral contraceptives 751–754 751–752 753
for abnormal premenopausal bleeding 729
antibiotics affecting efficacy of 117
benzodiazepine interactions and 1046
breast cancer risk and 706 753
breast feeding and 753
cervical dysplasia/cancer and 753
contraindications/adverse effects of 752–753 753
depression associated with use of 753 1067
drug interactions and 752
for emergency contraception 757
for endometriosis 740
after gestational trophoblastic disease 774
hepatic adenoma associated with 683 753
for hirsutism/virilization 1172
for hormone replacement therapy 1186
hypertension and 424 753
lipid abnormalities associated with use of 1244
liver tumors and 683 753
melasma (chloasma) caused by 143 753 1100
nutrients affected by 1260
ovarian cancer prevention and 753 1643 1657
thrombophlebitis and 470 752–753
P.1839
Oral hypoglycemic agents See Antidiabetic agents, oral
Oral nutritional supplements 1280
Oral polio vaccine (OPV/Sabin vaccine) 1367
IPV booster and 1314
Oral provocation testing 794
Oramorph See Morphine
Orbital cellulitis 170–171
Orbital floor, blowout fracture of 171
Orchiectomy
for intra-abdominal testes 1102
for prostate cancer 966 966
for testicular cancer 972
Orchiopexy, infertility/testicular cancer risk and 971 1102
Orchitis
in filariasis 1522
mumps 1365 1366
Orellanine, Cortinarius mushroom poisoning and 1630 1630
Orf 1388
Organ of Corti, hearing loss caused by disorders of 180
Organ donation 85
Organic brain syndrome 1090–1094 1091
alcoholic 1084 1086
Organic (alcoholic) hallucinosis 1084 1085–1086 1092
Organic personality syndrome 1092
Organophosphate poisoning 1611 1631–1632
nerve agents in chemical warfare and 1621–1622
seizures caused by 1610
Orgaran See Danaparoid
Orgasm 1052
loss of 951 1053
Orgasmic dysfunction 1053
Orientia tsutsugamushi 1392 1394
Orinase See Tolbutamide
Orlistat, for obesity 1099 1269
Ornithosis (psittacosis) 1441–1442
Orografin See Ipodate sodium
Oromandibular dystonia 1012
Oropharyngeal anthrax 1412
Oropharyngeal cancer 202–203
incidence/morality of 1640
Oropharyngeal dysphagia 564 564
Oropharyngeal ulceration, in paracoccidioidomycosis 1546
Orphenadrine 1004
Ortho Dienestrol See Estrogen vaginal creams
Ortho-Prefest See Estrogens, with progestins
Orthodeoxia, in hepatopulmonary syndrome 673
Orthodromic tachycardia 374
Orthoiodohippurate scanning, in renal function evaluation 899
Orthopedic surgery
antibiotic prophylaxis for 47
for arthritis 863–864
venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism prevention and 286 287
Orthopedics See Musculoskeletal disorders
Orthopnea 218
in heart disease 313
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
in diabetes mellitus 1198
dysautonomia (autonomic dysfunction) and 987
falls in elderly and 61
monoamine oxidase inhibitors causing 1073
in pheochromocytoma 1174
syncope and 384
tricyclic antidepressants causing 1071
Orthostatic proteinuria 896–897
Orudis See Ketoprofen
Oruvail See Ketoprofen
Osborn, J wave of, in hypothermia 1590 1590
OsCal (calcium carbonate) See Calcium, dietary/supplementary
Oseltamivir, for influenza treatment/prophylaxis 1353 1384 1586
Osler nodes, in endocarditis 1415 1416
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, epistaxis in 199
Osler's sign 426
Osmolality
fecal/stool, in diarrhea 549
serum 865–866
in diabetic ketoacidosis 1229
in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state 1231 1232
in hyponatremia 866 867 867
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 865–867 866 1741
urine
in acute renal failure 901
in hypernatremia 871
in hyponatremia 866
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 1741
Osmolar gap 866 872 1614 1614
calculation of 1614
in poisoning/drug overdose 872 1614 1614
alcohol toxicity and 872 1614 1614
isopropanol toxicity and 1614 1614
methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity and 872 1614 1614 1628
Osmolarity 866
Osmostat, reset, in syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion 868
Osmotic diarrhea 548 549
Osmotic diuretics, lithium interactions and 1077
Osmotic gap 549
stool, in diarrhea evaluation 549 550
Osmotic laxatives 543–544 543
OspA antigen
in Lyme disease 1459
in Lyme disease vaccine 1461
OspB antigen, in Lyme disease 1459
Ossicular disruption, hearing loss and 180 187
Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone) 1161–1162
Osteitis fibrosa cystica 911 1150
Osteoarthritis 807–810
acupuncture for 1725 1727
arthroplasty/joint replacement for 810 863 864
septic arthritis and 855
of cervical spine 816
exercise/activity in prevention/management of 12 810
glucosamine sulfate plus chondroitin for 810 1721–1722 1721
immobility in elderly and 60
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 809 828
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for 1719 1721
Osteoarthropathy, hypertrophic pulmonary 222 862–863
rheumatoid arthritis differentiated from 829
Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumor of bone) 862
Osteodystrophy, renal 911 1150 1154
Osteogenesis imperfecta 1102 1155
Osteogenic sarcoma See Osteosarcoma
Osteoma
ear canal 183
osteoid 862
Osteomalacia 911 1158–1161 1159
in celiac disease 602
oncogenic 821 1159
Osteomyelitis 858–861 1555
acute pyogenic 858–859
candidal 859
in coccidioidomycosis 859–860
in drug users 858 1298
hematogenous 858 859
in histoplasmosis 860
mycotic infections causing 859–860
sinusitis and 196
of skull base, otogenic (malignant external otitis) 182–183 186
staphylococcal 1406–1407
in tuberculosis 860–861
vertebral
back pain and 817
epidural abscess and 859 1406
Osteonecrosis 863
Osteopenia, bone densitometry in screening for 1156 1156
Osteophytes
in ankylosing hyperostosis 853
in neck pain 815
in spinal stenosis 819
Osteoporosis 760 761 1102 1155–1158 1156
in celiac disease 602
circumscripta 1161
corticosteroid therapy and 625 1193
in hyperthyroidism 1137
pathologic fractures/bone pain in 1155 1156
postmenopausal 760 761 1155
prevention/treatment of
bisphosphonates in 625 761 1156–1157
calcitonin in 1157
calcium in 761 1157
milk-alkali syndrome and 879
chronic corticosteroid treatment and 1193
in Crohn's disease 625
in elderly 55
estrogen replacement therapy in 761 1156
exercise/activity and 1158
selective estrogen receptor modulators in 1157 1189
vitamin D in 761 1157
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) 862 1665
Paget's disease of bone and 1162
Osteosclerosis 1151
Otalgia See Earache
Otic barotrauma 184
earache in 187
Otic drops
for external otitis 182
ototoxic, avoidance of with perforated tympanic membrane 188
Otitis
external 182
earache in 182 187
malignant (otogenic skull base osteomyelitis) 182–183 186
facial pain and 979
media 1556
acute 184–185
in HIV infection/AIDS 194
chronic 185–186
anaerobic 1434
P.1840
complications of 186
earache in 185 187
serous 183–184
in HIV infection/AIDS 194
nasopharyngeal carcinoma causing 184
Otoconia, vertigo associated with 191
Otogenic meningitis 186
Otogenic skull base osteomyelitis (malignant external otitis) 182–183 186
Otorrhea, in acute otitis media 185
Otosclerosis 186–187
hearing loss and 180 186
Ototoxicity
of aminoglycosides 1573
of cisplatin 1685
of erythromycin 1569
hearing loss and 188
Ouabain, overdose/toxicity of 1624
Outer surface protein A (OspA)
in Lyme disease 1459
in Lyme disease vaccine 1461
Outer surface protein B (OspB), in Lyme disease 1459
Ovarian ablation, for breast cancer 720 722
Ovarian failure 749 1183 1184–1185
Ovarian tumor antigen See CA 125
Ovarian tumors 743–746 744–745
cancer 743 744–745 1664
chemotherapy for 746 1664
estrogen replacement therapy and 1187–1188 1188 1645
genetic mutations associated with 743 1642–1643
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and 637
prevention and 1643 1656–1657
incidence/mortality/risk of 743 744–745 1640
paraneoplastic syndromes associated with 1696–1697
during pregnancy 783
prevention of
genetic risk factors and 1643 1656–1657
oral contraceptive use and 753 1657
screening for 743 1656
secondary malignancies and 1645
cysts 744 774
hirsutism/virilization caused by 1171
during pregnancy 783
secondary 745
thyroid hormone secreted by 1135 1142
Ovaries, polycystic (persistent anovulation) See Polycystic ovary syndrome
Over-the-counter drugs, use/abuse of 1090
in elderly 65–66 1094
Overflow incontinence
fecal 544 646
urinary 63 64 932 948 949
Overlap/mixed connective tissue disease 842
autoantibodies in 799 842
Overload proteinuria 897
Overuse syndromes
of knee 825
lateral and medial epicondylitis 824
Overweight
definition of 13 1098 1267
prevention of 13–14
Ovide See Malathion
Ovulation
awareness of
contraception based on 756–757
in infertility counseling 748 954
induction of, for infertility 749–750 1107
in persistent anovulation (polycystic ovary syndrome) 747
suppression of, for endometriosis 740
Ovulation bleeding 728
Oxacillin 1564
toxicity of 1565
Oxalate, in calcium nephrolithiasis 943 944 946
Oxalate crystals, in urine 935
Oxaliplatin 1666 1672
Oxamniquine, for schistosomiasis 1504
Oxaprozin 76
Oxazepam 1045
Oxazolidinones 1579
Oxcarbazepine 984
for bipolar disease/mania 1078
for seizures 983 984
Oxiconazole 89
Oximetry 223–224
in dyspnea evaluation 23
in nosocomial pneumonia 254
Oxistat See Oxiconazole
Oxitriptan, for myoclonus 1013
Oxolinic acid 1579
Oxycodone 74 78
breast feeding and 785
overdose/toxicity of 1631
Oxycontin See Oxycodone
Oxygen, partial pressure of See PaO2; PO2
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 223–224 224
Oxygen saturation See SaO2
Oxygen tension See PO2
Oxygen therapy
for acute high-altitude encephalopathy 1605
for acute high-altitude pulmonary edema 1604
for acute mountain sickness 1604
adverse ocular effects of 178
for ARDS 310
for asthma exacerbation 236 237
for carbon monoxide poisoning 293 1611 1621
for COPD 240–241 240 242
for decompression/dysbaric illness 1603
home 240–242 240
hyperbaric See Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
for near drowning 1602
perioperative, surgical site infection reduction and 48
for pulmonary edema 397–398
for pulmonary hypertension 292 411
for respiratory failure 308
for sleep apnea 306
transtracheal 241
Oxygen uptake, maximal (MVO2), lung cancer surgery and 270
Oxyhemoglobin saturation See SaO2
OxyIR See Oxycodone
Oxymetazoline 789
overdose/toxicity of 1623
Oxymorphone 78
Oxytocin deficiency 1110
Oysters, contaminated, vibrio infection caused by 1428
3P tumor suppressor gene, in thyroid cancer 1123
P16 gene, in pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma 700
p24 antigen assay, in blood screening 534
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